We are dismayed and heartbroken at the war unfolding in Ukraine following Russia’s decision to use its overwhelming military might to invade and impose its will on Ukraine. This is a repetition of previous Russian actions elsewhere.

In the prelude to our conference in 2019, we asked, “80 years later, will history repeat itself?” Sadly, this has now come to pass. The horror of war has once again come to Europe, to Ukraine, that has already endured so much pain and suffering – during the Holodomor, the 2nd World War and the Holocaust. The terrible atrocities now taking place there will no doubt revive the trauma of those events. PCCA’s work on the aftermath of the Holocaust taught us that, accompanying the physical destruction and damage that is readily visible, the internal damage is equally, perhaps more, devastating and long-lasting.